{"id":6114,"date":"2022-03-19T19:02:03","date_gmt":"2022-03-19T16:02:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/?p=6114"},"modified":"2022-03-21T00:46:05","modified_gmt":"2022-03-20T21:46:05","slug":"psikolojik-yaklasimlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/?p=6114","title":{"rendered":"Psikolojik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (bilin\u00e7 psikolojisi ya da str\u00fckt\u00fcralism)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re psikolojinin g\u00f6revi bilincin ve bilinci olu\u015fturan zihinsel olaylar\u0131n -duyumlar, imajlar, duygular- incelenmesidir. Bu ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda i\u00e7ebak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemi ile bilgi toplan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7ebak\u0131\u015f, deneklere bir uyaran verip onlardan neler hissettiklerini \u00e7ok detayl\u0131 olarak anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeye dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Yap\u0131salc\u0131lara g\u00f6re t\u0131pk\u0131 su molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn atomik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bile\u015fenlerine (hidrojen ve oksijen) ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi, bilin\u00e7 de temel bile\u015fenlere ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Ac\u0131l\u0131k-tatl\u0131l\u0131k, so\u011fukluk-s\u0131cakl\u0131k, donukluk-canl\u0131l\u0131k gibi saf duyumlar bilincin temel bile\u015fenleri olarak kabul edilebilir. Yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n iki \u00f6nemli temsilcisi \u015funlard\u0131r: Wundt ve Titchener. Wundt Almanya’da bir psikoloji laboratuvar\u0131 kurmu\u015f, onun \u00f6\u011frencisi olan Tichener ise Wundt’un psikolojiye yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ABD’ye ta\u015f\u0131yarak Cornell \u00dcniversitesi’nde bir psikoloji laboratuvar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Titchener’dan sonra bu yakla\u015f\u0131m pek fazla ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f olsa da, psikolojinin pozitif bir bilim olarak temellerinin at\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki katk\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu yakla\u015f\u0131m psikoloji tarihinde \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.[14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015flevselcilik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ABD’de yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 etkisini yitirirken, i\u015flevselcilik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa tepki olarak do\u011fan bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re psikolojinin g\u00f6revi, yaln\u0131zca bilincin yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek olamaz; as\u0131l g\u00f6revi bilincin i\u015flevlerini -nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131- incelemek, insan zihninin de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131na nas\u0131l uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgilenmektir. \u0130\u015flevselcili\u011fin bak\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan davran\u0131\u015f, organizman\u0131n \u00e7evresine uyum \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015flevselciler, Charles Darwin\u2019in Evrim Kuram\u0131\u2019ndan etkilenmi\u015f, zihni bedenden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp bu ikisi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi anlamaya odaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kuram\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca temsilcisi William James’t\u0131r. James’a g\u00f6re bilin\u00e7, yap\u0131salc\u0131lar\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi bile\u015fenlerine ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek sabit bir yap\u0131 de\u011fildir; s\u00fcregiden bir ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n psikolojiye temel katk\u0131s\u0131, sadece zihinsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri de\u011fil davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da psikolojinin inceleme alan\u0131na dahil etmesidir. Ayr\u0131ca yap\u0131salc\u0131lar i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fc y\u00f6ntemini uygulamak \u00fczere e\u011fitilemediklerinden hayvanlar, \u00e7ocuklar ve zihinsel engelliler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmazlarken i\u015flevselciler bu gruplar \u00fczerinde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[14] G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ne yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k ne de i\u015flevselcilik ak\u0131mlar\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir, fakat 20. yy.’\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda i\u015flevselciler ve yap\u0131salc\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar sayesinde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f psikoloji ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klasik ko\u015fullanma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda do\u011fan bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda psikolojinin konusunun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen ve g\u00f6zlenebilen davran\u0131\u015flar olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulur. Davran\u0131\u015f organizmalar\u0131n i\u00e7ten ya da d\u0131\u015ftan gelen uyar\u0131c\u0131lara verdikleri tepkilerdir ve davran\u0131\u015fa dair bilgi toplamak i\u00e7in do\u011fa bilimlerinde kullan\u0131lan nesnel y\u00f6ntemlere -deney ve g\u00f6zleme- ba\u015fvurmak gerekir. Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, organizmalar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7evrelerinden gelen \u00f6d\u00fcllendirme ve cezaland\u0131rmalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini, yeni davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fini veya halihaz\u0131rdaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l yeni durumlara uyarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inceler. Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re belirli uyar\u0131c\u0131lara maruz kalan her organizma, ayn\u0131 tepkiyi verir, yani bireysel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemi yoktur. Davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n nedenlerini, organizman\u0131n i\u00e7sel \u00f6zelliklerinde de\u011fil, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7evredeki uyar\u0131c\u0131larda aramak gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda, insan ve hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme yasalar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zleyerek insanlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olan \u00f6\u011frenme yasalar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu ekol\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca temsilcileri \u015funlard\u0131r: Watson, Skinner, Pavlov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gestalt yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1890’larda Almanya’da do\u011fan bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda, psikolojik deneyimi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131t bir bi\u00e7imde, psikolojik deneyimin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011fu ve par\u00e7alar\u0131na ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak incelenemeyece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunulur. Gestalt\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6re, en ilkel ve basit olan psikolojik deneyimler dahi karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ra\u011fmen, alg\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi temel baz\u0131 prensiplere uygun olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve psikolojinin hedefi bu temel prensipleri ke\u015ffetmektir. Bunun yolu do\u011fal g\u00f6zlem ve deneydir. Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lardan fark\u0131 olarak Gestalt\u00e7\u0131lar, psikolojide etki-tepki ili\u015fkisine odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve etkinin tepkiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrken deneyimlenen bili\u015fsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin incelenmesini \u00f6nemsemi\u015flerdir. Gestalt psikolojisinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca temsilcileri \u015funlard\u0131r: Wolfgang K\u00f6hler, Max Werthemeir, Kurt Koffka. 1930’larda Almanya’daki Nazi hakimiyeti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Gestalt\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca temsilcileri ABD’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, b\u00f6ylelikle bu yakla\u015f\u0131m ABD’de de tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki temel fikir -zihnin d\u0131\u015f uyaranlara do\u011frudan tepki vermeyip \u00f6ncelikle onu yorumlay\u0131p anlamland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikri- bili\u015fsel psikologlar\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenme, bellek, problem \u00e7\u00f6zme ve hatta psikoterapi hakk\u0131ndaki fikirlerinde kendini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psikanalitik yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1890’larda do\u011fan bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re psikoloji ki\u015filerin bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 korkular\u0131n\u0131, isteklerini ve g\u00fcd\u00fclerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 hedeflemelidir. Sigmund Freud\u2019un klinik g\u00f6zlemlerine dayanarak geli\u015ftirilen bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda normal insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya de\u011fil, anormal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 anlamaya odaklan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m ruhsal hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisi, ki\u015filik ve geli\u015fim psikolojisi alanlar\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak telkin, terapi, hipnoz, r\u00fcya yorumu ve biyografi tercih edilir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 kavram\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilir. Freud\u2019un kurucusu oldu\u011fu bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 devam ettiren ve yenileyen birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli isim, Alfred Adler ve Carl Gustav Jung’ ve Karen Horney olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 isim, Freud’un orijinal kuram\u0131na pek \u00e7ok ele\u015ftiri getirerek kendi ki\u015filik kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Freud, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6nemli bir pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Freud’un kuram\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok kavram – \u00f6rne\u011fin bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131, bast\u0131ma, rasyonelle\u015ftirme…gibi- g\u00fcndelik dile yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, psikanalitik yakla\u015f\u0131mla yap\u0131lan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fcmanist (insanc\u0131l) yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maslow’un \u0130htiya\u00e7lar Hiyerar\u015fisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20.yy.’\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda do\u011fan bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda her bir bireyin kendi gelece\u011fine y\u00f6n vermede \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011funu, geni\u015f bir ki\u015fisel geli\u015fim kapasitesine sahip oldu\u011funu, \u00f6nemli miktarda i\u00e7sel de\u011fere ve kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme potansiyeline sahip oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekilir. Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve psikanalizdeki determinist tutuma bir tepki olarak do\u011fmu\u015ftur. H\u00fcmanistlere g\u00f6re insanlar, \u00e7evresel ve i\u00e7sel fakt\u00f6rlerin esiri de\u011fildirler \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00fcr iradeleri, se\u00e7me \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ve kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 denetleme g\u00fc\u00e7leri vard\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca temsilcisi Abraham Maslow’dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fsel yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950’lerden itibaren geli\u015fip yayg\u0131nla\u015fan bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda insan tepkilerinin \u00e7evredeki uyar\u0131c\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda pasif oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve insan zihni uyar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 alg\u0131layan, yorumlayan ve anlamland\u0131ran aktif bir varl\u0131k olarak kabul edilir. Bilginin insan zihninde nas\u0131l i\u015flemlendi\u011finin ve depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi hedeflenir. Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme, t\u00fcmevar\u0131m ve deney ile veri toplan\u0131r. \u00d6nemli temsilcilerinden biri Jean Piaget’dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biyolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m (davran\u0131\u015fsal n\u00f6robilim, psikolojik biyoloji)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n nedenlerini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in organizman\u0131n biyolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak gerekti\u011fi savunulur. Ki\u015finin \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini, ki\u015fili\u011fini, belle\u011fini, g\u00fcd\u00fclerini, duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve problemlerle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kma tekniklerini etkilemek \u00fczere genlerin, hormonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve sinir sisteminin d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evre unsurlar\u0131 ile nas\u0131l bir etkile\u015fime girdi\u011fi incelenir ve bu incelemelerde deneysel y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve etnik benzerlikler ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin zihinsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini inceler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

^a<\/em><\/sup><\/a>b<\/em><\/sup><\/a> Wooed, E. G.; Boyd, D.; Wood, Samuel E. (2011). The World of Psychology (7th edition)<\/em>. Boston, ABD: Pearson. ISBN<\/a>9780205768424<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (bilin\u00e7 psikolojisi ya da str\u00fckt\u00fcralism) Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re psikolojinin g\u00f6revi bilincin ve bilinci olu\u015fturan zihinsel olaylar\u0131n -duyumlar, imajlar, duygular- incelenmesidir. Bu ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda i\u00e7ebak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemi ile bilgi toplan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7ebak\u0131\u015f, deneklere bir uyaran verip onlardan neler hissettiklerini \u00e7ok detayl\u0131 olarak anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeye dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Yap\u0131salc\u0131lara g\u00f6re t\u0131pk\u0131 su molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn atomik bile\u015fenlerine (hidrojen ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6144,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler"],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/psikolojil-yaklasimi.jpg",833,437,false],"list":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/psikolojil-yaklasimi-463x348.jpg",463,348,true],"medium":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/psikolojil-yaklasimi-300x157.jpg",300,157,true],"full":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/psikolojil-yaklasimi.jpg",833,437,false]},"yoast_head":"\nPsikolojik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar - Uluslararas\u0131 Psikoloji ve E\u011fitim Bilimleri Federasyonu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/?p=6114\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Psikolojik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar - Uluslararas\u0131 Psikoloji ve E\u011fitim Bilimleri Federasyonu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (bilin\u00e7 psikolojisi ya da str\u00fckt\u00fcralism) Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re psikolojinin g\u00f6revi bilincin ve bilinci olu\u015fturan zihinsel olaylar\u0131n -duyumlar, imajlar, duygular- incelenmesidir. Bu ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda i\u00e7ebak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemi ile bilgi toplan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7ebak\u0131\u015f, deneklere bir uyaran verip onlardan neler hissettiklerini \u00e7ok detayl\u0131 olarak anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeye dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemdir. 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