{"id":6118,"date":"2022-03-19T19:05:48","date_gmt":"2022-03-19T16:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/?p=6118"},"modified":"2022-03-21T00:45:34","modified_gmt":"2022-03-20T21:45:34","slug":"psikoloji-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/?p=6118","title":{"rendered":"Psikoloji Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Psikoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psikoloji veya ruh bilimi,[1] davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve zihini inceleyen bilimdir.[2] Bilin\u00e7li ve bilin\u00e7siz olaylar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha \u00e7ok duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin incelemesini i\u00e7eren Psikoloji, \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 bir bilimsel aland\u0131r. Bu alanda uzman olan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bilgi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapanlara psikolog denir. Psikologlar, beyinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zelliklerini ve bu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zelliklerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcm fenomenleri anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar ve bu \u015fekilde daha geni\u015f n\u00f6ro-bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 grubuna kat\u0131l\u0131rlar.[3] Psikoloji bilimi, bir sosyal bilim olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011fa bilimleri olarak da kategorize edilebilir. \u00d6zellikle beyin biyolojisi bilgisini olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirir.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organizmalar\u0131n hem do\u011frudan g\u00f6zlenen davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, hem de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, zihinde canland\u0131rma, hat\u0131rlama ve hayal etme gibi do\u011frudan g\u00f6zlenemeyen karma\u015f\u0131k zihinsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri psikolojinin inceleme alan\u0131na girer.[5] Bir yandan alg\u0131, dikkat, duygu, motivasyon, zek\u00e2, ki\u015filik gibi i\u00e7sel s\u00fcre\u00e7ler; bir yandan ki\u015filer aras\u0131 ili\u015fki s\u00fcre\u00e7leri (\u00f6rne\u011fin a\u015fk, evlilikte uyum ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, anne ve \u00e7ocuk aras\u0131nda ba\u011flanma gibi), grup-i\u00e7i (\u00f6rne\u011fin gruba uyma ve itaat etme) ve gruplar aras\u0131 ili\u015fki s\u00fcre\u00e7leri (\u00f6rne\u011fin gruplar aras\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131 ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, kolektif eylem vb.) psikoloji biliminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konulard\u0131r. Psikoloji bilimi d\u00e2hilinde hem insanlar\u0131n, hem hayvanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir. T\u00fcm bu \u00f6zellikleriyle psikoloji, hem fen ve t\u0131p bilimleri ile hem de sosyal bilimlerle yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psikolojinin hedefi, zihinsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak, neden ve nas\u0131l olu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak, ileride nas\u0131l bir de\u011fi\u015fim-geli\u015fim g\u00f6stereceklerini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7leri kontrol etmektir. Bu hedefler do\u011frultusunda g\u00f6rg\u00fcl y\u00f6ntemlerle \u2013\u00f6rne\u011fin deneysel ya da korelasyonel y\u00f6ntemler- ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Psikoloji biliminin \u00fcretti\u011fi bilgiler, insan etkinliklerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve d\u00fczenlenmesi ile ilgili pek \u00e7ok alanda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etimoloji \u201dPsikoloji\u201c terimi ilk defa 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Marko Maruli\u0107 taraf\u0131ndan[6] Yunanca\u2019da \u201d\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae psiy\u00e7\u0113\u201c ruh ve \u201d\u2013\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u2013logia\u201c ara\u015ft\u0131rma terimlerinin birle\u015fmesi ile ruh ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7][8][9][10] T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye Frans\u0131zca psychologie teriminin \u00e7evrimi ile girmi\u015ftir.[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk psikoloji laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu Wilhelm Wundt Psikolojinin inceledi\u011fi zihin ve davran\u0131\u015f kavramlar\u0131 eski M\u0131s\u0131r, \u0130ran, Yunan, \u00c7in, Hint uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda felsefenin inceleme konusu olmu\u015ftur. Ancak 19. yy’da pek \u00e7ok bilim gibi, psikoloji de felsefeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir.[11] Psikolojinin bir bilim dal\u0131 olarak do\u011fmas\u0131na, 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da Leipzig \u00dcniversitesi’nde kurdu\u011fu psikoloji laboratuvar\u0131 ile Wilhelm Wundt \u00f6n ayak olmu\u015ftur.[11] Wundt, kendini psikolog olarak tan\u0131mlayan ilk ki\u015fidir. Psikolojinin pozitif bir bilim olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na ilk \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 koyan di\u011fer isimler \u015funlard\u0131r: Hermann Ebbinghaus (haf\u0131za \u00fczerinde deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131), Ivan Pavlov (psikoloji ile fizyoloji aras\u0131nda ilk kez ili\u015fki kurdu, \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini deneysel olarak inceleyerek klasik \u015fartlanma kavram\u0131n\u0131 getirdi), John B. Watson (davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ABD\u2019deki temsilcisi oldu). Deneysel psikolojinin Almanya ve ABD’de geli\u015fmesinin pe\u015fi s\u0131ra psikolojinin uygulamal\u0131 alanlar\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur. 19. yy.’\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda G. Stanley Hall ve John Dewey psikoloji biliminin ABD’de e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki uygulamalar\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Hugo M\u00fcnsterberg psikolojinin end\u00fcstri, hukuk ve di\u011fer alanlardaki uygulamalar\u0131 \u00fczerine yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12] 1890’larda Lightner Witmer ilk psikoloji klini\u011fini kurmu\u015ftur.[13] Yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda James McKeen Cattell, ilk zeka testi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmak \u00fczere Francis Galton’un antropometri y\u00f6ntemini uyarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[11] \u00d6te yandan Viyana’da Sigmund Freud, zamanla \u00e7ok pop\u00fclerle\u015fecek olan psikanaliz kuram\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemlerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20.yy’da psikolojinin soyut ve mu\u011flak bir kavram olan zihni incelemesine bir tepki do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Edward B. Titchener taraf\u0131ndan getirilen ele\u015ftiriler, John B. Watson’un davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmesine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, B.F. Skinner taraf\u0131ndan pop\u00fcler hale getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda, zihin yerine g\u00f6zlenebilen ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n incelenmesi savunulur. 20.yy.’\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru insan zihnini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere disiplinler aras\u0131 bir alan olan bili\u015fsel bilimler geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Zihin, tekrar bilimin pop\u00fcler bir inceleme konusu haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  1. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Ar\u015fivlenmi\u015f kopya”<\/a>. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 5 Haziran 2020.<\/li>
  2. ^<\/a><\/strong> Fernald LD (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives<\/em><\/a> 8 Haziran 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine<\/a> sitesinde ar\u015fivlendi<\/a>. (pp.12\u201315). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.<\/li>
  3. ^<\/a><\/strong> Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.<\/li>
  4. ^<\/a><\/strong> Cacioppo, John (Eyl\u00fcl 2007). “Psychology is a Hub Science”<\/a>. Aps Observer<\/em>. 20<\/strong> (8). 29 Mart 2016 tarihinde kayna\u011f\u0131ndan ar\u015fivlendi<\/a>. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 5 Haziran 2020. psychology is a hub discipline \u2014 that is, a discipline in which scientific research is cited by scientists in many other fields. For instance, medicine draws from psychology most heavily through neurology and psychiatry, whereas the social sciences draw directly from most of the specialties within psychology.<\/q> Association for Psychological Science Observer<\/em> (September 2007)<\/li>
  5. ^<\/strong> a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> Zimbardo, P.G.; Gerrig, R. J. (2013). Psikoloji ve ya\u015fam<\/em><\/a>. NobelYay\u0131nlar\u0131. ISBN<\/a> 9786051332260<\/a>.<\/li>
  6. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Classics in the History of Psychology \u2013 Marko Marulic \u2013 The Author of the Term “Psychology””<\/a>. Psychclassics.yorku.ca. 20 Ocak 2017 tarihinde kayna\u011f\u0131ndan<\/a> ar\u015fivlendi. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 10 Aral\u0131k 2011.<\/li>
  7. ^<\/a><\/strong> (Steven Blankaart, p. 13) as quoted in “psychology n.” A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. oxfordreference.com<\/a> 15 Eyl\u00fcl 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine<\/a> sitesinde ar\u015fivlendi<\/a>.<\/li>
  8. ^<\/a><\/strong> Derek Russell Davis<\/a> (DRD), “psychology”, in Richard L. Gregory (ed.), The Oxford Companion to the Mind<\/em>, second edition; Oxford University Press, 1987\/2004; 978-0-19-866224-2<\/a> (pp. 763\u2013764).<\/li>
  9. ^<\/a><\/strong> Watson, John B.<\/a> (1913). “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”<\/a> (PDF). Psychological Review<\/em>. 20<\/strong> (2): 158-177. doi<\/a>:10.1037\/h0074428<\/a>. hdl<\/a>:21.11116\/0000-0001-9182-7<\/a>. 8 Ocak 2016 tarihinde kayna\u011f\u0131ndan<\/a> (PDF) ar\u015fivlendi. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 5 Haziran 2020.<\/li>
  10. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Ar\u015fivlenmi\u015f kopya”<\/a>. 14 A\u011fustos 2020 tarihinde kayna\u011f\u0131ndan ar\u015fivlendi<\/a>. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 5 Haziran 2020.<\/li>
  11. ^<\/strong> a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> Schultz, D. P.; Schultz, S. E. (2016). Modern Psikoloji Tarihi<\/em>. Kakn\u00fcs Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. ISBN<\/a> 9789756963852<\/a>.<\/li>
  12. ^<\/a><\/strong> Blatter, Jeremy. “Screening the Psychological Laboratory: HugoM\u00a8unsterberg, Psychotechnics, and the Cinema,1892\u20131916”<\/a>. Science in Context, Cilt:28, Say\u0131:1, Y\u0131l:2015. 12 May\u0131s 2016 tarihinde kayna\u011f\u0131ndan ar\u015fivlendi<\/a>. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 9 Haziran 2018.<\/li>
  13. ^<\/a><\/strong> Mcreynolds, P. (1987). Lightner Witmer: Little-known founder of clinical psychology. American Psychological Assocation, 42<\/em>(9), 849-858.Retrieved from PsycINFO Database.<\/li>
  14. ^<\/strong> a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a> Wooed, E. G.; Boyd, D.; Wood, Samuel E. (2011). The World of Psychology (7th edition)<\/em>. Boston, ABD: Pearson. ISBN<\/a> 9780205768424<\/a>.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    1. <\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Psikoloji Psikoloji veya ruh bilimi,[1] davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve zihini inceleyen bilimdir.[2] Bilin\u00e7li ve bilin\u00e7siz olaylar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha \u00e7ok duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin incelemesini i\u00e7eren Psikoloji, \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 bir bilimsel aland\u0131r. Bu alanda uzman olan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bilgi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapanlara psikolog denir. Psikologlar, beyinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zelliklerini ve bu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zelliklerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcm fenomenleri anlamaya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler"],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Psikoloji-nedir.jpg",833,437,false],"list":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Psikoloji-nedir-463x348.jpg",463,348,true],"medium":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Psikoloji-nedir-300x157.jpg",300,157,true],"full":["https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Psikoloji-nedir.jpg",833,437,false]},"yoast_head":"\nPsikoloji Nedir? - Uluslararas\u0131 Psikoloji ve E\u011fitim Bilimleri Federasyonu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ipef.org.tr\/?p=6118\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Psikoloji Nedir? - Uluslararas\u0131 Psikoloji ve E\u011fitim Bilimleri Federasyonu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Psikoloji Psikoloji veya ruh bilimi,[1] davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve zihini inceleyen bilimdir.[2] Bilin\u00e7li ve bilin\u00e7siz olaylar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha \u00e7ok duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin incelemesini i\u00e7eren Psikoloji, \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 bir bilimsel aland\u0131r. Bu alanda uzman olan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bilgi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapanlara psikolog denir. 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